ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK GRAIN PRODUCTION IN IDB MEMBER COUNTRIES: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS Mahmood Hasan Khan Rajab 1424H (September 2003) The views expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Islamic Development Bank Group or its member countries. Table of Contents Acronyms………………………………………………………………………………...

ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK BRAIN DRAIN IN IDB MEMBER COUNTRIES: Trends and Developmental Impact IDB Occasional Paper No. 12 Rabi Thani 1427H (May 2006) © Islamic Development Bank Economic Policy & Strategic Planning Department Disclaimer: The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Islamic Development Bank Group or its member countries. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acronyms and Abbreviations iii Foreword v Acknowledgements vii Executive Summary ix Introduction 1 Part One: Trends in Brain Drain Chapter One: Recent Trends in Brain Drain 1.1 Overview of Demographic, Human and Economic Trends 1.2 Trends in Migration and Brain Drain 1.3 Level of Intra-Migration and Intra-Brain Drain 7 7 9 17 Chapter Two: Impact of Brain Drain on Member countries 2.1 Major Causes of Brain Drain 2.2 Impact on Member Countries 2.3 Impact on Intra-Trade and Intra-Investment 21 21 23 31 Part Two: Brain Drain or Gain in Selected Member Countries Chapter Three: Reversing a Severe Brain Drain in Senegal 3.1 Recent Socioeconomic Trends 3.2 Migration and Brain Drain from Senegal 3.3 Consequences of Brain Drain 3.4 Causes of Brain Drain 3.5 National Strategy and Policies 3.6 International Cooperation 35 35 36 38 41 42 44 Chapter Four: Converting Brain Drain into Gain in Pakistan 4.1 Migration Driven by Poverty and Unemployment 4.2 Migration History and Recent Trends 4.3 Consequences of Migration of the Highly-Skilled Pakistanis 4.4 Migration Policies and Set-up 47 47 49 52 53 Chapter Five: Enhancing Gain from Brain Drain in Egypt 5.1 Driving Forces behind Brain Drain in Egypt 5.2 Types of Brain Drain in Egypt 5.3 Consequences 5.4 Laws, Policies and Programmes 57 57 58 62 63 Part Three: Migration Policies and Cooperation among Member Countries Chapter Six: Migration Strategies and Policies 6.1 National Migration Strategies and Policies 6.2 Regional Migration Arrangements 6.3 International Migration Arrangements 69 69 72 77 Chapter Seven: Cooperation between Labour-Exporting and Importing Member Countries 7.1 Migration and Brain Drain Challenges 7.2 Major Opportunities for Cooperation 7.3 Priority Areas of Cooperation 83 83 84 86 Conclusion 91 i Table of Contents 95 References Statistical Annexes Annex 1.1: Major Demographic Indicators of Member countries, 1990-2004 Annex 1.2: Major Human Indicators of Member countries, 1990-2004 Annex 1.3: Major Macro Economic Performance of Member countries, 1990-2004 Annex 1.4: Migrants from Member countries Residing in OECD Countries, 2005 Annex 1.5: Migrants Aged 15+ from Member countries Residing in OECD Countries, 2005 Annex 1.6: Migrants Aged 15+ from Member countries by Skills Category, 2005 Annex 1.7: Member Countries Highly-Skilled Migration Rates to OECD Countries, Based on OECD Estimated, 2000 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 Annex 2.1: Remittances Trends in Member countries, 1990-2003 Annex 2.2: Relative Importance of Remittances in Member countries, 2003 110 111 List of Tables Table 1.1: Major Demographic Indicators of Member Countries, 1990-2004 Table 1.2: Major Human Development Indicators of Member Countries, 1990-2004 Table 1.3: Major Macro-economic Performance of Member Countries, 1990-2004 Table 1.4: Migrants Born in Member Countries Resident in OECD Countries Table 1.5: Migrants Aged 15+ Born in Member Countries Resident in OECD Countries.